E. H. Ch. This character can be considered under the double relation of vowel or consonant. As vocal sound it is the symbol of elementary existence and represents the principle of vital aspiration : as consonant it be­longs to the guttural sound and represents the field of man, his labour, that which demands on his parr any effort, care, fatigue. As grammatical sign it holds an interme­diary rank between , life, absolute existence, and, life, relative and assimilated existence. It presents thus, the image of a sort of equilibrium and equality, and is attached to ideas of effort, labour, and of normal and legislative action.
Its arithmetical number is 8.

HA. Root is analogous with the root, which bears the real character of the sign, This is used more under its onomatopoetic relation, to denote the violence of an effort, a blow struck, an exclamatory cry.

HEB. The sign of elementary existence united to the root, symbol of all fructification, forms a root whose purpose is to describe that which is occult, hidden, mysterious, secret, enclosed, as a germ, as all elementary fructification: if the rootis taken in its acceptation of desire to have, the root in question here, will develop the idea of an amorous relation, of fecundation.
This is why the Arabictaken in a restricted sense, signifies to love; whereas in a broader sense this root develops all ideas of grain, germ, semence, etc.
(intern.) To hide mysteriously, to impregnate, to brood, etc.        .
In a restricted sense, the Arabicsignifies to become partial, to favour. As onomatopoetic root suggests the noise of whetting a sabre.
(comp.) One who hides, who keeps the property of anotkpr; a debtor.

HEG. Every hard and continued action; every turbulent movement: every transport of joy ; joust, game, popular fête, tournament, carousal.(intens.) Every idea of fête, of solemnity, where all the people are acting.
It is, in the Arabic, the action of visiting a holy place, going on a pilgrimage; in, that of trotting.
Action of whirling, dancing in a ring, devoting one’s self to pleasure, celebrating the games. Metaphoric­ally, an orbit, a circumference, a sphere of activity, the terrestrial globe.

HED. The power of division, expressed by the rootwhich, arrested by the effort which results from its contraction with the elementary signbecomes the ¡mage of relative unity. It is literally, a sharp thing, a point, a summit.
The Arabicpresents in general, the ideas of terminating, determining, circumscribing, limiting. It is, in a more restricted sense, to grind; metaphorically, to punish. This root being reinforced in the verb, expresses the action of breaking through and excavating the ground. As noun,signifies literally the cheek.
The point of anything whatever. Everything which pricks, everything which is extreme, initial: meta­phorically, a drop of wine; gaiety, lively and piquant.
Action of speaking cleverly, uttering witticisms, givingenigmas.
Enigma, parable.

HEH. This root, analogue of the root. is little used. The characteristic root of the sign is.

HOU. Elementary existence in general ; in particular, that which renders this existence manifest and obvious; that which declares it to the senses.
In ihe analogue• this root has not conserved theintellectual ideas of the Hebrew; but being reinforced in , it has presented what is most profound in elementary existence, chaos.

All ideas of indication, elementary manifestation, declaration; action of uncovering that which was hidden, etc.
(comp.)  See.
(comp.)   See•
(comp.)  See
(comp.) The horizon. See.
(comp.) Action of hooking. See.
(comp.) Action of mending, sewing. See•
(comp.) See.
(comp.) See.
(comp.) Action of sympathizing, condoling. See.
(comp.) That which is exterior, or which acts  exteriorly; that which leaves the ordinary limits and which, in an abstract sense is expressed by the relations beyond, outside, extra, except, etc.
(comp.) See.
(comp.) See.

HEZ. The sign of elementary existence, united to that of demonstration, or of objective representation, forms a very expressive root whose purpose is to bring forth all ideas of vision, visual preception, contemplation.
The Arabicin losing all the intellectual accepta­tions of the Hebraic root, has conserved only the physical ideas which are attached to it as onomatopoetic root, and is limited to designating any kind of notch, incision; meta­phorically, scrutiny, inspection. The verbsignifies literally to pierce.Action of seeing, regarding, considering, con­templating; the aspect of things; a seer, a prophet, one who sees.
(intens.) A vision; a flash of lightning.
Extent of the sight, the horizon; boundaries, the lim'ts of a thing; n region.

HEH. Every idea of effort applied to a thing, and of a thing making effort; a hook, fish-hook, ring; a thorn-bush.
That which is pointed, hooked; that which ex­ercises any force whatever, as pincers, hooks, forceps: thence the Arabic verb, to penetrate, to go deeply into.

HT. The sign of effort united to that of re­sistance, constitutes a root whence come all ideas of frustrated hope; of failure, sin, error.
The Arabicsignifies properly to cut in small morsels; and. to pose, depose; place, replace: to lower, humble, reduce, etc.
(intens.) That which misses the mark, which is at fault, which sins in any manner whatsoever.
(comp.) The rootI, symbol of effort united to resistance, being considered from another viewpoint, furn­ishes the restricted idea of spinning, and in consequence, every kind of thread, and of sewing; so that from the sense of seicing, comes that of mending; metaphorically, that of amendment, restoration: whence it results that the word iOn, which signifies a sin, signifies also an expiation.

HI. Elementary life and all ideas thereunto attached. This root is the analogue of the root.
Action of living in the physical order, action of existing: that which lives; every kind of animal, living being, beast. Physical life, the animalitg of nature.The Arabicdevelops every idea contained in the Hebraic root.
(comp.) Vital force; that which maintains, procures, sustains existence: elementary virtuality; the phys­ical faculties, literally as well as figuratively: power which results from force; virtue which is born of courage; an army, that which is numerous, valorous, redoubtable; a fort, fortress, rampart; a multitude, etc.

HECH. The sign of elementary existence united to that of assimilative and relative existence, forms a root which is related to all perceptions of judgment and which develops all interior ideas.
The Arabic root., having lost nearly every moral idea which comes from the primitive root and being con­fined to purely physical ideas, is limited to express as noun, an itching, a friction; and as verb, the analogous action of itching, scratching.
That which grasps forms inwardly and which fixes them, as the sense of taste; that which is sapid; sen­sible to savours; the palate, throat: that which covets, desires, hopes, etc.

HL. This root, composed of the sign of elementary existence united to the root, symbol of ex­tensive force and of every movement which bears upward, produces a mass of ideas which it is very difficult to fix accurately. It is, in general, a superior effort which causes a distention, extension, relaxation; it is an unknown force which breaks the bonds of bodies by stretching them, breaking them, reducing them to shreds, or by dissolving them, relaxing them to excess.
Every idea of extension, effort made upon a thing to extend, develop, stretch or conduct it to a point or end: a twinge, a pain: a persevering movement; hope, expectar tion.The Arabicdevelops, in general, all the ideas contained in the Hebraic root. In a restricted sense it is the action of loosening, relaxing, releasing, resolving, absolving. etc. When this root receives the guttural reinforcement, it expresses in, the state of privation, in­digence; that which lacks, which is wanting in any manner whatsoever.
(intens.) Distention, distortion, contor­tion; endurance, solution of continuity; an opening, a wound: extreme relaxation, dissolution; profanation, pollution; weakness, infirmity, debility; vanity, effeminate dress, ornament; a flute; a dissolute dance, a frivolous amusement; etc.
Action of suffering from the effect of a violent effort made upon one’s self; action of being twisted, stretched, action of being confined, bringing into the world; being carried in thought or action toward an end; producing ideas: action of tending, attending, hoping, placing faith in something; action of disengaging, resolving, dissolving, opening, milking, extracting, etc.
(comp.) Elementary virtuality. See•

HEM. The sign of elementary existence, symbol every effort and every labour, united to the sign of exterior activity, and employed as collective and generalizing sign, forms an important root whose purpose is to signify, in a broad sense, a general envelopment and the warmth which results, considered as an effect of contractile movement.
Idea of that which is obtuse; curved, hot, ob­scure; enveloping, striking; a curvature; dejection; a compressive force: natural heat, solar fire, torrefaction and the burnish which follows; blackness: that which heats, literally or figuratively; generative ardour, amorous passion, wrath, etc.The Arabic, having lost to a certain point, the intellectual ideas developed by the Hebraic root, is limited to expressing the particular ideas of warmth and heating;
when reinforced by the guttural aspiration in, it signifies literally to be corrupted, spoiled, putrefied.
Action of enveloping, seizing by a contractile movement, exercising upon something a compressive force; heating: rendering obscure. In a restricted sense, a wall, because it encloses; a girdle, because it envelops; in general, every curved, round figure; simulacrum of the sun, etc.

HEN. The composition of this root is conceived in two ways, according to the first, the sign, which characterizes every effort, every difficult and painful action, being contracted with the onomatopoetic root, image of pain, expresses the idea of a prayer, a supplication, a grace to grant or granted: according to the second, the same sign, symbol of elementarv existence, being united to that of individual and produced existence, becomes a sort of reinforcement of the root, and designates all proper and particular existences whether in time or space.
That which results from prayer; as grace, a favour; that which is exorable, which allows itself to relent; that which is clement, merciful, full of pity: that which is easy, a good bargain, etc.
The Arabicdevelops, as the Hebraic root, all ideas of kindness, mercy, tenderness, clemency. This root in reinforcing itself indesignates separation, seclu­sion ; it is, literally, a place for travellers, a hostelry. As onomatopoetic root,expresses the action of speaking through the nose.
Every separate intrenched place: a cell, a hospice, a fort, a camp. Action of living apart, having one’s ownresidence, being fixed, intrenched, and consequetly to be­siege, to press the enemy, etc.

HES. Every silent, secret action; that which is done with connivance; that which is confided, trusted or said secretly.
Action of conniving at a thing, of sympathizing; of conspiring: a place of refuge,-a shelter, etc. It is also the action of making effort upon one’s self, of experiencing an interior movement of contrition.
The diverse acceptations of the ITebraic root are di­vided in the analogous Arabic words
, in which they modify themselves in diverse; manners. Considered as verb,signifies to feel, to have the sensation of some thing;to act with celerity:to diminish in volume, to be contracted, shrunken to particularize, etc.

HEH. Hoot not used in Hebrew. The Arabic indicates a grievous and painful sensation.

HEI’H. Every idea of protective covering given 1o a thing; a guarantee, a surety.
The Arabicis an onomatopoetic and idiomatic
root, which depicts that which acts upon the surface, which skims, passes lightly over a thing. The verb characterizes the condition of that which becomes light;anything which shivers, shudders with fear, trembles with fright, etc.

Action of covering, protecting, brooding, coax­ing. A roof, nest, shelter, port: action of separating from that which haitns; of combing, appropriating, etc.

.HETZ. Every idea of division, scission, gash,
cut; ttiatwhich acts from the exterior, as the adverbial relationexpresses, outside.
The Arabic signifies to stimulate; andto keep stirring, to agitate.
That which divides by making irruption, passing without from within: an arrow, an obstacle; a stone coming from the sling; an axe, a dart: a division of troops.; a quarrel; etc.

HECQ. Every idea of definition, impression of
an object in the memory, description, narration; that which pertains to symbols, to characters of writing. In a broader sense matter used according to a determined mode
The action of defining, connecting, giving a dimen­sion, deciding upon forms; of hewing, cutting after a model; to carve, to design: a thing appointed, enacted, decreed, constituted, etc.
TIip Arabicdevelops, in general, the same ideas as the Hebraic root; but is apnlied more particularly to that which confirms, verifies, certifies; to tnat which is true, just, necessary.

HER. The sign of elementary existence united to that of movement proper, symbol of the straight line, constitutes a root which develops, in general, the idea of a central fire whose heat radiates. It is in particular, a consuming ardour, literally as well as figuratively
The Arabichas exactly the same meaning. When this root is reinforced by the guttural aspiration in it is no longer applied to the expansion of heat, but to that of any fluid whatsoever. In a restricted sense signifies to ooze. '(intens.) That which burns and consumes, that which is burned and consumed; that which is arid, desert, barrtn; every kind of residue, excrement: the mouthof a furnace, the entrance of a cavern; etc.
Action of consuming by fire; setting fire, irri­tating: the ardour of fever, that of wrath; effect of the flame, its brilliancy; the blush which mounts to the face; candour; every purification by fire; etc.
(comp.) That which is sharp, cutting, acute, stinging, destructive.

HESH Every violent and disordered movement, every inner ardour seeking to extend itself; central fire; avaricious and covetous principle; that which is arid.
The Arabicdevelops in general, the same ideas as the Hebrew. As onomatopoetic root,expresses the action of chopping, mowing; when it is reinforced by the guttural aspiration, it signifies, in the verb, to penetrate.
Action of acting with vehemence upon some­thing; every vivacity; avidity; aridity. This root, taken in the latter sense of aridity, is applied metaphorically, to that which is barren, which produces nothing; to mutes; to those who do not speak, who keep silent.

HETH. This root contains all ideas of shock, terror,sympathetic movement which depresses and dis­mays. It is, in general, the reaction of useless effort; ele­mentary existence driven back upon itself; in particular, it is a shudder, consternation, terror; a sinking, a depres­sion: a degradation, etc.
The Arabichas         not conserved the moral ideas developed by the Hebraic root. It is, as onomatopoetic root, an exciting, instigating, provocative movement..