S. This character as consonant, belongs to the sibilant sound, and is applied as onomatopoeia to depicting all sibilant noises: certain observant writers among whom I include Bacon, have conceived this letter S, as the symbol of the consonantal principle, in the same manner that they conceived the letter, or the aspiration H, as that of the vocal principle. This character is, in Hebrew, the image of the bow whose cord hisses in the hands of man. As grammatical sign, it is that of circular movement in that which is related to the circumferential limit of any sphere.
Its arithmetical number is 60.

SA. Every idea of circumference, tour, circuit,rotundity.
Every round thing suitable for containing anything; as a sack, a bag. In a figurative sense, it is the action of emigrating, changing the place, taking one’s bag.
The Arabic,  designates  that which  disturbs, harms.
(comp.) Covering for the feet, sandals.

SB. When this root is conceived as the product of the circumferential sign united to that of interior action, it expresses every idea of occasional force, cause, reason: but when it is the root, image of every conceivable fructification, joined by contraction to this same sign, then this root is applied to that which surrounds, circumscribes, envelops.
The Arabiccontains in general all the acceptations of the Hebraic root; but inclining toward those which are more particularized in a physical sense than in a moral one.
Every kind of contour, circuit, girdle; a circumstance, an occasion, a cause.
The Arabichas the same sense; but the primitive roothaving deviated toward the physical, signifies to distort a thing, to take the wrong side; to curse someone, to injure him, etc.
(intens.) Action of turning, going round, circuiting, enveloping, circumventing, warning, con­verting, perverting, etc.
The Arabicsignifies to put a thing upside down; to pour out, upset.

SG. The circumferential sign united to the organic sign, constitutes a root whose purpose is to depict the effect of the circumferential line opening more and more, and departing from the centre: thence,
All ideas of extension, augmentation, growth: physical possibility. See
The Arabicoffers in general, the same sense as the nebrew.

SD. This root whose effect is opposed to that of the preceding one, characterizes, on the contrary, the circumferential line entering upon itself, and approaching the centre: thence,
All ideas of repression, retention, closing.
The Arabichas not separated from the Flebrew in the radical sense. As verb it is literally the action of closing. It must be remarked that the verb jU which signifies to master, to dominate, is attached to the root> which indicates properly the hand, and the power of which it is the emblem.

SEH. Root analogous to
The Arabic indicates the circumference of the buttocks: the rump.
That which is round of form: a tower, a dome; the moon; a necklace; bracelets, etc.

SOU. Root analogous to.
The Arabicdoes not differ from the Hebrew as to the radical sense; but the developments of this root being applied in Arabic, to the idea of what is bent rather than to what is round, characterizes consequently, that which is bad rather than that which is good: thence the verbs
which express the state of what is bent, false, malicious, traitorous, depraved, corrupt, etc.
A veil, a garment which surrounds, envelops, undulates.
(comp.) Action of being extended by going away from the centre; yielding; offering a facility, a pos­sibility.
(comp.) Action of welding; closing, shutting; that which is secret, closed, covered.
(comp.) Action of anointing. See.
(comp.) That which shines, that which rend­ers joyous. See.
(comp.) A horse. See
(comp.) That which finishes a thing; makes an end of it; to sweep away ; to fulfill. See•
(comp.) That which turns around tends, is perverted, changes sides, is made adverse; that which is audacious, independent; that which is raised, bred,trained, turned, given a proper outline, directed etc. See.
(comp.) Action of working in the shadow of something, of being covered with a veil, of seducing, persuading, etc. See•

SZ. Root not used in Hebrew nor in Arabic.

SH. Root not used in Hebrew. The Arabic expresses the action of being dissolved in water, ofbeing poured out, spread over, etc. The Chaldaic signifies to swim; to wash, to be purified in water: the Syriac a ad Samaritan have the same sense.
Action of cleansing, washing.
Every idea of cleansing.
(comp.) Every idea of subversion, sweeping away;a torrent.
(comp.) Every idea of the circulation of produce, of merchandise; action of negotiating, selling, buy­ing, etc.
(comp.) That which springs from corruption: that which swarms from putrid water.

ST. Root not used in Hebrew. The Arabic characterizes in general, a vehement, illegal action. The compound verbsignifies literally to command with arrogance, to act like a despot

SI. Root analogous to. The Arabic coming from the radical idea taken in a good sense, characterizes that which is regular, equal; that which is made in accordance with its own nature: thus the verb has reference to milk which flows without beingdrawn.
(comp.) An extension: a thing which has yielded, which has gone away from the centre. In a re­strict«! sense, scoria. See
(comp.) Curvature. See.

SCH. The circumferential sign united by con­traction of the rool, image of every restriction and ex­ception, forms a root whose use is to characterize a thing which is round, closed, fitting to contain, to cover; thence.
A sack, veil, covering of any sort: that which envelops, covers, obstructs. In a figurative sense, the multitude of men which cover the earth; ointment with which the skin is covered and which closes the pores. See.
The Arabichas preserved few of the expressions which hold to the radical sense. Its principle develop­ments spring from the onomatopoetic rootwhich depicts the effect of the effort that one makes in striking. Literally it is striking a thing to make it yield.

SL. Every kind of movement which raises, exalts, takes away, ravishes.
The Arabicsignifies in a restricted sense, to draw to one’s self.
In a very restricted sense, a leap, a gambol; in a broad and figurative sense, the esteem or value that is put upon things. Also a heap of anything; a thing formed of many others raised one upon another, as a mound of earth, etc.

SM. The circumferential sign being universalized by the collective sign, becomes the symbol of the olfactory sphere, of every fragrant influence given to the air: thence,
Every kind of aromatic.
The Arabicappears to have preserved more of the developments andeven more of the radical force than the Hebraic analogue. This root characterizes that which is penetrated with force whether good or evil. Thence, in the modern idiom the verb, which signifies to bore a hole, to pierce.

SN. The circumferential sign having attained
its greatest dimension by the addition of the augmentative sign,, becomes the symbol of the visual sphere and of all luminous influence: thence,
Every kind of light, of bright colour, in general; in particular the colour red, as the most striking. This colour, taken in a bad sense, as being that of blood, has furnished the idea of rage and rancour in the Chaldaic ; but the Syriac has only a luminous effect, as is proved by the word ib which signifies the moon. The Hebrew has drawn from it the name of the most brilliant month ' of the year,the month of May. See>
The Arabiccharacterizes that which illumines things and gives them form by shaping, polishing them; in the modern idiom the verbsignifies to sharpen.

SS. The circumferential sign being added to itself, constitutes a root which denotes in an intensive manner every eccentric movement tending to increase a circle and give it a more extended diameter: thence, every idea of going away from the centre, of emigration, travel: thence,
A horse; that is to say an animal which aids in emigration, travel. See.
The Arabicbelongs evidently to the primitive root, and designates in general, a thing which is caried from the centre to the circumference, to administer, to govern.

SH. That which is rapid, audacious, vehement,
fitted for the race; thence,
A vouiier, a thing which rushes; figuratively an arrogant person, a calumniator.
The Syriachas the same sense as the Hebrew.
The Arabicappears to have deviated much from the radical sense.It is literally, a straw; but figuratively, it is that which makes the subject of a deliberation.
(comp.) That which serves for support, prop, corroboration. See.
(comp.) That which is extended by branching out; a genealogy; a series.
(comp.) A violent, tumultuous movement; a tempest, a storm.          

SPH. Every idea of summit, end, finish; anything which terminates, consummates, achieves.
The extremity of a thing, the point where it ceases; its achievement, consummation, end: the defection, the want of this thing: the border, top, summit, threshold; that which commences or terminates a thing; that which is added for its perfection: also, reiteration of the same action, an addition, supplement; the final thing where many others come to an end: a time involving many actions.
The Arabichas preserved of the radical sense only the idea of a thing reduced to powder, which is taken as medicine. The Syriac bib characterizes every kind of con­summation, of reducing to powder by fire.
(intens.) Action of approaching, drawing near, touching the threshold, receiving hospitality.

STZ. Root not used in Hebrew nor in Arabic.

SCQ. Root not used in Hebrew. The Samaritan, likewise the Syriac, indicate a movement of evasion, of leaving; of germination.
The Arabicis an onomatopoetic root which designates the action of striking.

SR. The circumferential sign joined to that of movement proper, constitutes a root whence issne all ideas of disorder, perversion, contortion, apostasy; also those of force, audacity, return, education, new direction, etc.
The Arabicoffers in general, the same radical character as the Hebrew but its developments differ quite obviously. The verbsignifies in particular, to be diverted; that is to say, turned from serious occupations.
(comp.) That which is disordered, rebellious, refractory; which leaves its sphere to cause trouble, discord; that which is vehement, audacious, independent, strong: that which distorts, turns aside takes another direction; is corrected, etc. See.

SSH. Root not used in Hebrew nor in Arabic.

STH. Every kind of mutual, sympathetic covering, every kind of veil, of darkness.
The Arabic indicates the parts of the human body that must be veiled. The Hebrew, as well as the Chaldaic, characterizes winter, the dark season when nature is covered with a veil See.